Chapter 7: Emotion and Motivation

Emotion and Motivation

  Motivation is a process when activity started directed, and continued so physical or needs or wants are met. It is also a force for peoples to behave and performs something. Most of the peoples were motivated to behave action such as studying, exercising, working or others. There are two types of motivation which is extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation.

Extrinsic motivation- It is a motivation of a person to perform the action the external and outcome of person. It can be observed through a person’s behavior.

Intrinsic motivation- It is a motivation of a person to perform the action to satisfy some internal manner. It is more focus on individual feeling.

Instinct Approaches to Motivation

Instinct- It is a biologically and innate patterns of behavior that peoples and animals used.

Instinct Approaches- It is an approach to motivate peoples and animals used if they are not under control of instinct.

Drive- reduction theory

  The drive- reduction theory is an approach to motivate a person to assume behaviour. It is based on biological or physiological needs which are hunger, sleep and thirst that cause internal drive motivate or push up to satisfy needs of a person and reduce the tension. Based on the drive- reduction theory, it can be classified into three classes which is Primary Drives, Acquired Drives or Secondary Drives and the last, Homeostasis.

• Primary Drives- The drives that involve physical needs of the body such as hunger and sleep.
• Acquired Drives/ Secondary Drives - The drives that learned from past experiences or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval.
• Homeostasis- The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.

  Besides, there are three types of needs in motivation, which is Need for achievement, Need for affiliation and Need for power. For the need for achievement (nAch), it is a need that involves a strong desire to success in targets, goals, and achievement. It is not the only realistic but also a challenging for peoples. Next, the need for affiliation (nAff) which is the need of a friendly social interactions and relationships with others. Finally, the need for power (nPow), it is a need for peoples to control or influence over others.

Arousal Approach to Motivation

  Arousal Approach is a theory of motivation which explain an increase or decrease of the stimulus that unlearned and affected the level of tension such as curiosity (increase stimulus), stress (decrease) and depression (decrease). It is needed to reduce the tension and satisfy own. According to Yerkes- Dodson law, the moderate level of arousal is better in performance compare to the arousal level that too low or high. However, the performance also depend on the difficultly of the task. For an easier task, high- moderate level arousal was required, at the opposite side, the low- moderate level arousal was required in difficult task.

Incentive Approaches to Motivation

  Expectancy- value theory it is a things that will attract a person into action, an unpredictable action without the understanding of beliefs and values. It is important that a person having beliefs and values at any time and moment. The extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation can be used in this theory. For the extrinsic motivation, a student force to do his Mathematic subject homework because he avoid the punishment of his teacher. At the opposite side which is intrinsic motivation, a student do the Mathematic homework automatically and full of passion because of his interest in Mathematic subject.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs play important role in motivation in psychology field which includes five levels of human needs. Maslow proposed that humans must fulfil the basic needs and security needs before they fulfil the self- actualization.

Bodily causes of hunger

•  Insulin- A hormone secreted by pancreas that control the level of blood glucose, fats and protein. It also reduce the excessive glucose in people’s bloodstream.
• Glucagon- A hormone secreted by pancreas that control the level of blood glucose, fats and protein. It also increase the level of glucose in people’s bloodstream.
•  Weight point set.
• Basal metabolic rate (BMI)

Eating problems

• There are a few problems and diseases caused by eating problems:-
• Obesity
• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia

Emotion

  Emotion is a feeling from human’s consciousness and the characteristic by psychical arousal.  Behavior that a person express will reveal the feeling and awareness or a person. Thus, display rules should be learned to control the display of emotion in the social settings.

Theories of Emotion

• Common sense theory
• James- Lange Theory
• Canon- Bard Theory
• Schachter’s Cognitive Arousal Theory
• Facial Feedback Hypothesis
• Cognitive Mediational Theory