Behaviorists-
A psychologists should study human’s behavior by observe and measure but not
only study non- mental behavior. Behaviorists believed there is no way to ask
people describe their own private experiences, psychology only deal with
observable and measurable events.
Behaviorism-
It is a research from structualists as a skill or technique to study
psychology. In early 1900 years, it is the understanding of human and animal
behaviour. All the behavior has assumed as a reflex or respond by the stimuli
in environment. Behaviorists determined the behavior of human have a great
relationship with universe. The behaviour also a part of universe. Thus, it can
be affected by our past experiences, current influences or our genetics. The Individual Behavior can be predict
through all the reason has described.
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning was discover by a
psychologist Ivan Pavlov through his research on digestion. Initially, classical
conditioning was a product of his research, but he noticed the dog for the
experiment salivated when it saw the worker who fed it.
Classical conditioning involves two stimuli
to form a new response or behavior of humans and animals. There are three stage
in the process of classical conditioning which is before conditioning, during
conditioning and after conditioning. Each stage may occurs in the specific term given.
·
Stage 1, Before Conditioning- At first, there is no
response with a conditioned stimulus. After the present of unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) it will produced an unconditioned respond (UCR) that unlearned
before. For example, a dog does not response with the present of metronome
sound. However, the dog salivate (UCR) when a meat is given to it. Besides,
there is a neutral stimulus (NS) involves in this stage which is a conditioned
stimulus produced non response before the dog trained.
Before:
NS+NR
|
·
Stage 2, During Conditioning- During the stage, the
conditioned stimulus associated with the conditioned stimulus and produced
unconditioned response. For the example, the dog does not response during the
present of metronome sound (CS) but it salivated (UCR) during the meat is
given.
During:
CS+UCS=UCR
|
·
Stage 3, After Conditioning- After the training,
the conditioned stimulus has completely associated with the unconditioned
stimulus and form a new response which conditioned in training. For the situation
after training the dog, the present of Metronome sound (CS) produced the salivation
of dog (CR) without the present of meat.
After: CS= CR
|
Process
of Classical Conditioning
·
Acquisition
·
Extinction
·
Spontaneous Recovery
·
Generalization
·
Discrimination
Operant Conditioning
Operant
conditioning- In 1920s B. F. Skinner become the most influential to behaviourist.
This is because, he has developed a new form of behaviorism learning which is operant
conditioning. It is a becaviorism learning other than classical Conditioning. Skinner
introduced a new term of operant conditoning which is Reinforcement. He trained
the animals by using a puzzle box and he discover the animal will perform behaviour
they wished by increasing the desire of animals through reinforcement.
Reinforcement and Punishment. Reinforcement
can be a behavior which increase the desire of person, such as money or food
that may increase the pleasant of peoples. Punishment is a behavior that remove
a desire of peoples such as unpleasant condition and nagging. Besides, the
reinforcement and punishment can be categories to positive and negative
situation. Thus, there are four types of operant conditioning which is Positive
Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment and Negative
Punishment.
- Positive Reinforcement- It is an action that may increase a person's desirable behavior by applies pleasant stimulus. For example, a mother is giving her child a chocolate bar as reward for getting good result in examination. This reward given by mother has increase the desirable behavior of child which is getting a chocolate bar by apply stimulus which is getting good result in examination.
- Negative Reinforcement- It is an action that may increase a person's desirable behavior bu remove the stimulus. A child is crying when hif father was sleeping, father give him some candies to stop him cry. The child stay quiet until he finish the candies, he father give him another candy to stop him cry. The father reinforce his child candies to stop him crying (desirable behavior of father is) by remove unpleasant stimulus which is son's crying.
- Positive Punishment - It is a behavior to decrease someone's undesirable behavior by apply unpleasant stimulus. A teacher punished her student to copy text 20 times because the student make trouble when she is not in class. The undesirable behavior of teacher is troublemaker in class, she punish her student by adding stimulus which is punished him copy text.
- Negative Punishment- It is a behavior to decrease someone's undesirable behavior by remove pleasant stimulus. Alex has failed his examination a few time, his parents confiscated his handphone as punishment, his handphone will be return back after he pass in examination. The undesirable behavior of Alex' parents is the result of examination, they punish Alex by remove his pleasant stimulus which is confiscate his handphone.
There
is a picture to help you easier to understand operant conditioning. (Really
effective)
Schedules of
Reinforcement
A Schedules of Reinforcement is a set of
procedure to operate the reinforcement. It is used to maintain the learning behavior
that might useless if there is no any reinforcement. It also ensure the
reinforcement occurs effectively every time. There are two categories of intermittent
reinforcement which is ratio and interval.
- Ratio- A ratio is a reinforcement depends on the specific numbers of response should gave by individual.
- Interval- An interval is a reinforcement depends on the amount of time that the individual reinforced peoples.
Refference
- https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
- https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html
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